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1. Idealism Definition:Idealism is a philosophy that believes reality is mental or spiritual, and the mind and ideas are more important than the material world. In education, the focus is on developing the mind and moral character. Key Principles in Education: Knowledge is eternal and universal. The goal is self-realization and moral development. Emphasizes critical thinking, reflection, and reasoning. Aims of Education: Intellectual development. Moral and ethical growth. Cultivation of wisdom. Methods: Lectures, discussions, debates. Emphasis on classic texts and philosophical ideas. 2. Realism Definition:Realism believes the physical world exists independently of our mind. Knowledge comes from observation and experience, and education should focus on understanding the world as it is. Key Principles in Education: Reality is concrete and measurable. Knowledge is gained through observation, experimentation, and reasoning. Values practical and factual knowledge. Aims of Education: Intellectual development grounded in reality. Understanding of natural laws and society. Preparation for real-life situations. Methods: Demonstrations, experiments, field trips. Focus on science, mathematics, and practical subjects. 3. Pragmatism Definition:Pragmatism emphasizes practical experience and problem-solving. Knowledge is not fixed; it evolves through action and experimentation. Education should focus on real-life application. Key Principles in Education: Truth is relative and based on experience. Learning by doing is central. Education should solve real-world problems. Aims of Education: Develop practical skills. Encourage critical thinking and creativity. Adaptability and lifelong learning. Methods: Project-based learning, experiments, and discussions. Emphasis on problem-solving and teamwork. 4. Naturalism Definition:Naturalism believes education should follow the child’s nature. Children are naturally good, and education should focus on their innate abilities and interests. Key Principles in Education: Learning should be child-centered. Emphasizes freedom, exploration, and experience. Nature and environment are key teachers. Aims of Education: Develop natural talents and abilities. Foster independence and self-expression. Build harmony with nature. Methods: Learning through play, exploration, and observation. Minimal coercion; guidance instead of strict discipline. Quick Comparison Table PhilosophyFocusAim of EducationTeaching MethodIdealismMind & ideasMoral & intellectual growthLecture, discussion, reflectionRealismPhysical world & factsKnowledge of reality & practical lifeObservation, experiment, demoPragmatismExperience & problem-solvingSkills & adaptabilityProject, experiment, discussionNaturalismChild’s nature & instinctsSelf-expression & natural developmentPlay, exploration, observation

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